Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by muscle twitching, tingling, and tetany?

Hypocalcemia is characterized by symptoms such as muscle twitching, tingling sensations, and tetany. This condition occurs when there is an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood, which is essential for normal muscle and nerve function. Calcium ions play a critical role in neurotransmitter release and muscle contraction; thus, a deficiency can lead to increased neuromuscular excitability. This heightened excitation can manifest as muscle spasms (tetany), cramps, and paresthesia (tingling) in the extremities and around the mouth.

In contrast, other conditions, such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia, present different clinical signs and symptoms. Hyponatremia typically affects mental status and can lead to confusion or seizures rather than muscle symptoms. Hyperkalemia can lead to serious cardiac implications and may cause muscle weakness or paralysis but not the classic signs of tetany. Hyperphosphatemia is often seen in chronic kidney disease and can also lead to tetany due to secondary hypocalcemia, but it is not the primary cause or symptom set associated with muscle twitching and tingling.

Therefore, hypocalcemia most directly correlates with the described symptoms of muscle twitching