Which complications are associated with obstructive sleep apnea?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated stoppages in breathing during sleep due to the relaxation of throat muscles. One of the significant complications associated with OSA is hypertension. The intermittent cessation of breathing leads to hypoxia and re-oxygenation, which can trigger the sympathetic nervous system and lead to elevated blood pressure.

Heart failure is another complication linked to OSA. The frequent disruptions in breathing can result in increased strain on the cardiovascular system, ultimately leading to problems such as heart failure over time. Individuals with OSA often experience increased risk for cardiovascular issues due to the chronic stress on the heart and blood vessels, making the connection between OSA and conditions like hypertension and heart failure particularly strong and clinically relevant.

The other choices present complications that may arise from different health conditions rather than directly from obstructive sleep apnea. For instance, while diabetes and obesity may be related to OSA due to a bidirectional relationship where each condition exacerbates the other, it is the hypertension and heart failure connection which is more directly tied to the mechanics and physiological consequences of OSA itself.