What does a higher-than-normal MSAFP level typically indicate?

A higher-than-normal level of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is primarily associated with neural tube defects. MSAFP is a protein produced by the fetal liver that enters the maternal bloodstream, and elevated levels can suggest that the fetus may have a neural tube defect, such as spina bifida or anencephaly. This is because these conditions can lead to an abnormal amount of alpha-fetoprotein leaking into the amniotic fluid, which then crosses into the mother's blood.

The significance of MSAFP levels lies in their role in screening for certain fetal abnormalities during pregnancy. While other conditions and factors may influence MSAFP levels, neural tube defects are the most well-documented association with increased levels. By screening for MSAFP, healthcare providers can identify pregnancies that may require further investigation through ultrasound or amniocentesis to confirm the presence of neural tube defects or other concerns.

In contrast, the other options are not directly linked to high MSAFP levels. Fetal gender determination depends on other methods such as ultrasound or genetic testing. Down syndrome is usually indicated by low levels of MSAFP, rather than high. Placental insufficiency can present a variety of symptoms and complications but is not directly