What complication is associated with late-stage emphysema?

In late-stage emphysema, the destruction of the alveoli leads to significant changes in lung architecture and function, one of which is the development of a barrel chest. This occurs as lung hyperinflation results in the chest wall becoming more rounded and expanding outward. The loss of elastic recoil in the lungs causes air to become trapped, making it difficult for patients to fully exhale. Consequently, the increase in residual volume and total lung capacity contributes to this barrel-shaped appearance of the chest.

In contrast, options that suggest increased lung capacity, excessive mucus production, or a normal alveolar structure do not accurately reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with late-stage emphysema. The condition is characterized by reduced elasticity and ineffective gas exchange, not an increase in lung capacity or a normal lung structure. Additionally, mucus production in emphysema is typically less than that seen in chronic bronchitis, as emphysema affects the alveoli rather than the airways that produce mucus. Thus, the barrel chest formation is a hallmark sign of late-stage emphysema and reflects the underlying lung changes.